Influencia del tiempo psicológico y el autocontrol en el malestar psicológico en adultos argentinos / Influence of psychological time and self-control on psychological distress in Argentinian adults

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer si la temporalidad subjetiva -perspectiva y foco temporales- y la capacidad de autocontrol e impulsividad repercuten en el malestar psicológico, en particular durante la pandemia por COVID-19. La conjetura teórica es que el tiempo psicológico está estrechamente vinculado a la autorregulación, que influye en el desarrollo de la impulsividad y el autocontrol e impacta en el malestar psicológico. Se diseñó un modelo y se realizó un estudio empírico cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal (. = 279; 78 % mujeres; ME = 30.14 años; DE = 11.21). Los resultados del análisis de correlación mostraron relaciones significativas entre las variables de interés. Para determinar las variables predictoras del malestar psicológico se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. El 48 % de la varianza del malestar psicológico fue explicado por el pasado negativo, autocontrol e impulsividad, y focos temporales futuro y presente. Finalmente, se probó el modelo teórico diseñado para analizar los efectos directos e indirectos del malestar psicológico a través de un análisis de senderos que presentó un buen ajuste a los datos, ya que explicó el 50 % de la varianza de aquel. La perspectiva y el foco temporal explicaron el 53 % de la variabilidad del autocontrol, y presentaron efectos indirectos sobre el malestar psicológico a través del autocontrol. El autocontrol influyó de manera inversa en el malestar. Los hallazgos indican que el tiempo subjetivo y el autocontrol sirven para explicar estados psicológicos, incluso en pandemia, lo cual confirma estudios previos que muestran la importancia de las variables de personalidad -además de las biológicas y contextuales- en la aparición de malestar psicológico.

Abstract Psychological time is an essential aspect of humans. Two of the most important notions of subjective temporality are time perspective and temporal focus. Time perspective is a process by which the flow of personal and social experiences are framed in five different temporal categories: past negative, past positive, present hedonistic, present fatalistic and future. Temporal focus refers to the attention people devote to thinking about the past, present, and future. Previous research shows there is a strong relation between psychological time and self-regulatory processes, specifically self-control and impulsivity. Self-control is the ability to inhibit impulsive behaviors or reactions that can keep the person from pursuing the proposed goals. On the other hand, impulsivity refers to a short attention span and a tendency to engage in risky behaviors, and to prefer immediate rewards. Both subjective temporality and self-regulatory processes influence behaviors and psychological states such as psychological distress. In particular, the objective of this study was to find out if subjective temporality -time perspective and temporal focus-- and self-control and impulsivity have repercussions on psychological distress, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, in an Argentinian sample. The theoretical conjecture is that subjective temporality is closely linked to self-regulation, which influences the development of impulsivity and self-control, and impacts psychological distress. A quantitative, non-experimental, and cross-sectional empirical study was carried out (. = 279; 78 % women; ME = 30.14 years old; SD = 11.21). Firstly, the results of the correlational analysis showed significant relations between the variables. Then, to facilitate further analyses, an index variable of self-control was created, which included the scores of self-control and three dimensions of impulsivity. An optimal parallel analysis was performed. It indicated the existence of a single dimension. Then a semi-confirmatory factor analysis was ran, which showed acceptable results (KMO = .68; X. (6) = 198.8, . < .001; GFI = .99; RMSR = 0.03). Thirdly, to determine the predictive variables of psychological distress, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. It was found that 48 % of the variance of psychological distress was explained by negative past, self-control index, and future and present temporal focuses (. (4, 266) = 64.66, . < .001, R. = .49, R. adjusted = .48). The best predictor variable was past negative. Afterwards, a theoretical model was tested to explain the direct and indirect causes of psychological distress. It presented a good fit (X./gl = 1.63; GFI = .99; RMSEA = .04). Time perspective and temporal focus explained 53 % of the variability of self-control and presented indirect effects on psychological distress through self-control. Self-control inversely influenced psychological distress; more self-control generates less psychological distress. The model explained half of the variance of psychological distress (R. = .50). The findings indicate that subjective temporality and self-control explain psychological states, even during a pandemic, which confirms previous studies that show the importance of personality variables -in addition to biological and contextual variables- in the manifestation of psychological distress. The results support the theory that psychological time can be considered as a personality trait underlying self-control and psychological distress. A theoretical and practical discussion of the results is presented.

The relationship between self-control and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: the chain mediating effect of procrastination and anxiety / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between self-control and obsessive-compulsive symptoms(OCS), and the mediating role of procrastination and anxiety in this relation.Methods:Totally 6 367 Chinese college students were recruited to complete the Chinese version of the self-control scale, the Aitken procrastination inventory, and the symptom checklist-90.Descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation were carried out using SPSS 23.0.Mplus 7.4 was used to test the model fit.The mediating effects were tested using the Bootstrap method.Results:Pearson correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations among self-control, procrastination, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms ( r=-0.71-0.78, P<0.01). Mediation modeling analysis showed that the total indirect effect of self-control on OCS was -0.303, accounting for 63.13% of the total effect.The mediating effect of procrastination between self-control and OCS was -0.045, accounting for 9.38% of the total effect.The mediating effect of anxiety between self-control and OCS was -0.239, accounting for 49.79% of the total effect.Moreover, the chain mediating effect of procrastination and anxiety between self-control and OCS was also significant, with an effect value of -0.019, accounting for 3.96% of the total effect. Conclusion:Self-control can negatively predict OCS, procrastination and anxiety play a chain mediating role in the effect of self-control on OCS.

A cross-lag study on adolescents' physical exercise behavior, self-control and mobile phone dependence / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the relationship among physical exercise, self-control, and mobile phone dependence in adolescents.Methods:The entire group of random sampling method was used to extract 882 students from five junior high schools in Nanchang city from September 2020 to March 2021.A longitudinal survey was conducted using the sports activity rating scale, self control scale, and adolescent mobile phone dependence scale on all participants for 2 times with an interval for 6 months.The questionnaire results in the first stage were marked as T1.The questionnaire results in the second stage were marked as T2.SPSS 26.0 statistical software was used to conduct reliability analysis, common method bias test and Pearson correlation analysis on each variable in sequence.AMOS 23.0 was used for cross-lag analysis to explore the relationship among physical exercise, self-control and mobile phone dependence.Results:The score of physical exercise of adolescents was (17.71±5.62), the score of self-control was (51.48±9.71), and the score of mobile phone dependencies was (56.67±12.93). Adolescent physical exercise, self-control, and mobile phone dependence were all related to stability across time.There were positive correlation between T1 physical exercise and T2 physical exercise ( r=0.489), T1 self-control and T2 self-control ( r=0.482), as well as T1 mobile phone dependencies and T2 mobile phone dependencies ( r=0.498)(all P<0.01). Cross-lag analysis showed that: adolescent physical exercise behavior could unidirectionally predict self-control( β=0.197, P<0.01)and mobile phone dependence( β=-0.224, P<0.01) after 6 months, and self-control could predict the mobile phone dependence( β=-0.560, P<0.01) of junior high school students after 6 months.The mediating effect results showed that self-control had a mediating effect between physical exercise and mobile phone dependence of junior high school students, there were gender differences.The mediating effect accounted for 22.22%(-0.018/-0.081). Conclusion:Physical exercise can indirectly reduce the mobile phone dependence of junior high school students by affecting self-control.

Mechanisms of self-control on health behavior change / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Self-control brings important effects on the process and maintenance of health behavior change in individuals, but its mechanism is unclear.Healthy behavior change could be divided into goal-oriented behavior initiation stage, combating habit rejection stage, and habit acquisition and maintenance stage.Established theories of health behavior change mainly focus on the conflict between the goal-directed behavior initiation phase and habitual behavior.It is also indicated that disgust is the key mechanism to restrain the implementation of goal-oriented behavior, but ignore the mechanisms in the action implementation and new behavior acquisition phases.In fact, goal-directed and habitual behaviors work together to ensure that individuals adapt efficiently to their environment.However, when goal-oriented behavior becomes habitual, old habit and new goal-oriented behavior begin to compete, causing conflicts and aversion.The core phase of self-control functioning is just in the confrontation with habit rejection phase.On the one hand, self-control directly assists individual goal-directed behavior habituation through conflict sense adaptation.On the other hand, intensive management and stimulus control indirectly assist goal-directed behavior habituation through the relief of conflict sense.Further exploration of the theory and clinical practice of self-control affecting healthy behavior change is needed in the future.

Relationship between future time insight and academic procrastination among secondary vocational students： the mediating role of self-control / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo explore the influence of future time insight on academic procrastination and the role of self-control among secondary vocational students， and to provide references for mental health education of them. MethodsA total of 1 419 secondary vocational students from 2 secondary vocational schools in Huangshan City Anhui Province were selected as the research objects in June 2022. The future time insight questionnaire for adolescents， the academic procrastination questionnaire for middle school students and the Self-Control Scale （SCS） were used to assess the future time insight， academic procrastination and self-control ability of secondary vocational students. The mediating effect test of PROCESS was used to analyze the mediating role of self-control between future time insight and academic procrastination. Results①There was a positive correlation between the future time insight questionnaire for adolescents score， the SCS score and the academic procrastination questionnaire of middle school students score （r=0.558， 0.470， P<0.01）. ②Both future time insight and self-control could positively predict academic procrastination （β=0.463， 0.218， P<0.01）， while future time insight could positively predict self-control （β=0.348， P<0.01）. ③Self-control partially mediated the relationship between future time insight and academic procrastination ［indirect effect=0.076 （95% CI： 0.052~0.101， P<0.01）， and the indirect effect accounted for 16.41% of the total effect］. ConclusionThe future time insight of secondary vocational students can affect academic procrastination directly or indirectly through self-control， which partially mediates the relationship between future time insight and academic procrastination.

The relationship between physical activity and interpersonal distress in college students: the chain mediating role of self-control and mobile phone addiction

Objective of the study Interpersonal relationships, as an important variable afecting the physical and mental health and future development of individuals, were used to construct a structural equation model between physical activity and interpersonal relationships in order to help college students better adapt to society and achieve a high level of mental health. Methods SPSS 27.0 software was used to statistically analyze the data, and Amos 28.0 software was used to construct the model between variables. The results showed that physical activity directly predicted the interpersonal relationship status of college students (ß= −0.108, 95% CI [−0.210,−0.005]), and the chain mediating efect of physical activity→self-control→mobile phone addiction tendency→interpersonal relationship distress was signifcant (ß= −0.012, 95% CI [−0.033,−0.003]). The results of this study suggest that physical activity may be viewed as an efective intervention strategy to mitigate the interpersonal challenges that college students may face in the future.

On Socrates’ Health Ethics Thought / 中国医学伦理学

Socrates understood the significance of health and disease to humans from the dimensions of body and soul, and advocated that humans should live a life consistent with nature. Socrates’ virtue of temperance, which is most closely related to health, emphasizes that self-control is the foundation of training a healthy body and mind, and having temperance is the premise for constructing healthy city-state. Faced with the problems of unhealthy lifestyle, infinite expansion of consuming desires, and materialization of interpersonal relations in modern society, Socrates’ health ethics thought has certain practical significance in transforming medical model and reconstructing positive health concept.

Intervención educativa sobre la diabetes tipos 2 en una población sin hogar de Miami-Dade / Educational Intervention on Type 2 Diabetes in a Miami-Dade Homeless Population

Resumen: Objetivo: Las personas sin hogar tienen significativamente más necesidades de salud y tasas más altas de morbilidad y mortalidad, así como más hospitalizaciones y/o rehospitalizaciones que la población en general, causadas por factores como la pobreza extrema, el acceso deficiente a la atención médica y los desafíos en la adherencia a los medicamentos, por lo cual el presente estudio se propuso aplicar una intervención educativa sobre la diabetes tipo 2, dirigida a las personas sin hogar residentes en un refugio, con el fin de mejorar las técnicas de autocontrol y autocuidado de esta enfermedad crónica. Materiales y métodos: La intervención educativa fue realizada en un refugio para personas sin hogar de Miami Dade, con 250 participantes y consistió en tres sesiones de autocontrol y autocuidado de la diabetes y una lista de recursos de la comunidad en el idioma de preferencia de la persona (inglés o español). Las evaluaciones incluyeron una encuesta antes y después de la intervención y una evaluación previa y posterior mediante el cuestionario Diabetes Knowledge (DKQ-24). Resultados: Datos demográficos: 88% hombres y 12% mujeres, 40% hispanos, 36% afroamericanos, 26% caucásicos, idioma 64% inglés y 36% español. Hubo una diferencia significativa en la medición antes y después de dos meses de la intervención educativa (p <0,000). Conclusiones: La intervención educativa para mejorar la calidad de vida, el autocontrol y el autocuidado de los pacientes sin hogar con diabetes tipo 2 tuvo un efecto positivo y estos resultados pueden proporcionar la base para intervenciones futuras que ayuden a los profesionales de la salud a identificar las necesidades y abordarlas a través de intervenciones educativas adaptadas al contexto. Aprobación n. IRB 17-OR-372-ME del Institutional Review Board (IRB).

Abstract: Objective: Homeless people have significantly more health needs and higher rates of morbidity and mortality, as well as more hospitalizations and / or rehospitalizations than the general population, caused by factors such as extreme poverty, poor access to medical care and the challenges in adherence to medications, for which the present study set out to apply an educational intervention on type 2 diabetes, aimed at homeless people living in a shelter, in order to improve self-control and self-care techniques of this chronic disease. Materials and methods: The educational intervention was conducted in a Miami Dade homeless shelter with 250 participants and consisted of three diabetes self- management and self-care sessions and a list of community resources in the preferred language of the community. person (English or Spanish). The evaluations included a survey before and after the intervention and a pre- and post-evaluation using the Diabetes Knowledge questionnaire (DKQ-24). Results: Demographic data: 88% male and 12% female, 40% Hispanic, 36% African American, 26% Caucasian, 64% English and 36% Spanish language. There was a significant difference in the measurement before and after two months of the educational intervention (p <0.001). Conclusions: Educational intervention to improve the quality of life, self-control, and self-care of homeless patients with type 2 diabetes had a positive effect and these results may provide the basis for future interventions that help health professionals to identify needs and address them through context-specific educational interventions. Approval n. IRB 17-OR-372-ME of the Institutional Review Board (IRB).

Family function and fear of missing out among college students: the chain mediating effect of relatedness need-frustration and self-control / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the chain mediating effect of relatedness need-frustration and self-control between family function and fear of missing out (FoMO) in college students.Methods:A sample of 409 college students from five universities in Guangdong province was surveyed with family assessment device (FAD), relatedness need-satisfaction and frustration scale, self-control scale (SCS), and fear of missing out scale.Common method bias test, Pearson correlation analysis and Hierarchical regression analysis were conducted to analyze the data using SPSS 26.0 software, and PROCESS V3.5 macro program was used to test the mediating effect.Results:(1) The total scores of family function, relatedness need-frustration, self-control and FoMO were(166.01±16.08), (9.39±2.51), (37.88±6.27)and(56.38±6.59), respectively. (2) Family function was negatively correlated with relatedness need-frustration ( r =-0.43, P<0.01), positively correlated with self-control( r =0.43, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with FoMO ( r =-0.39, P<0.01). Relatedness need-frustration was negatively correlated with self-control ( r =-0.37, P<0.01), and positively correlated with FoMO( r =0.38, P<0.01). Self-control was negatively correlated with FoMO( r =-0.42, P<0.01). (3)The direct effect of family function on FoMO was -0.17(95% CI =-0.27--0.07). Family function affected FoMO through three paths. The separate mediation effect of relatedness need-frustration was -0.09(95% CI =-0.14--0.05), the separate mediation effect of self-control was -0.09(95% CI =-0.14--0.05), and the chain mediation effect of relatedness need-frustration and self-control was -0.03(95% CI =-0.04--0.01). Conclusion:Family function not only directly affects FoMO, but also indirectly affects FoMO through relatedness need-frustration and self-control.

The influence of parent-child cohesion of primary and middle school students on externalizing problem behaviors: chain mediating effect of security and self-control / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect sense of security and self-control on parent-child cohesion and externalizing problem behaviors in primary and middle school students.Methods:A total of 1 402 primary and middle school students were investigated with the problem behavior frequency scale(PBFS), family adaptability and cohesion scale(FACES-CV), security questionnaire(SQ) and brief self-control scale(BSCS). SPSS 25.0 and PROCESS v2.16 were used for statistical analysis, and common method deviation test, Pearson correlation analysis and intermediary effect analysis were used in the analysis.Results:Parent-child cohesion of primary and middle school students was positively correlated with security and self-control ( r=0.279, 0.303, both P<0.01), which was negatively correlated with externalizing problem behaviors ( r=-0.154, P<0.01). Security was positively correlated with self-control ( r=0.567, P<0.01). Security, self-control and externalizing problem behaviors were negatively correlated ( r=-0.147, -0.250, both P<0.01). The security and self-control of primary and middle school students played a partial mediating role between parent-child cohesion and externalizing problem behaviors.The mediating effect consisted of two paths: one was parent-child cohesion-self-control-externalizing problem behaviors, the other was parent-child cohesion-security-self-control-externalizing problem behaviors. The effect values of these two paths accounted for 20.52% and 20.26% of the total effect respectively. Conclusion:Parent-child cohesion not only directly affects the externalizing problem behaviors of primary and middle school students, but also indirectly affects the externalizing problem behavior through the independent mediating effect of self-control and the chain mediation of security-self-control.

Effect of the smartphone addiction on academic procrastination in medical undergraduate students during elementary course stage: the mediating role of the self-control / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the mediating effect of self-control between smartphone addiction and academic procrastination in medical undergraduates.Methods:A total of 640 medical college undergraduates were selected by convenient sampling method. The self-designed general information questionnaire, smartphone addiction proneness scale (SAPS), brief self-control scale (BSCS) and procrastination assessment scale-students (PASS) were conducted among the students. SPSS 25.0 was used for descriptive statistical analysis, independent sample t test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis. Results:Correlation analysis showed that PASS scores were positively correlated with SAPS scores ( r=0.29, P<0.01), and negatively corrected with BSCS scores ( r=-0.26, P<0.01); the SAPS scores were negatively corrected with BSCS scores ( r=-0.33, P<0.01). Mediating effect analysis showed that the mediating role of self-control between smartphone addiction and academic procrastination were significant (effect size=0.13, 95%CI=0.03-0.26), and the mediating effect accounted for 38.24%. Conclusion:Self-control played partial mediating effect between smartphone addiction and academic procrastination in medical undergraduates. In order to improve the current situation of medical undergraduate's academic procrastination, medical college educators can intervene from the perspective of smartphone addiction and self-control.

Relationship between academic pressure and mobile game addiction among middle school students： mediating role of self-control / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo explore the current status of academic stress， self-control and mobile game addiction among middle school students， and to test the mediating role of self-control. MethodsA total of 750 middle school students were enrolled by convenient sampling method， and were assessed using Academic Pressure Questionnaire， Self-Control Scale （SCS） and Mobile Game Addiction Scale. Thereafter， the mediating effect of self-control on the association between academic stress and mobile game addiction was analyzed with PROCESS mediating effect test. ResultsA total of 682 middle school students completed the survey. The scores of Academic Pressure Questionnaire， SCS and Mobile Game Addiction Scale of the selected middle school students were （58.56±11.34）， （38.42±6.94） and （34.23±12.14）， respectively. The total score and each dimension score of Academic Pressure Questionnaire were positively correlated with the total score of Mobile Game Addiction Scale （r=0.189~0.259， P<0.01）， and negatively correlated with the SCS score （r=-0.348~-0.196， P<0.01）. The total score and each dimension score of Mobile Game Addiction Scale were negatively correlated with SCS score （r=-0.336~-0.252， P<0.01）. Academic stress could predict self-control negatively （β=-0.205， t=-9.288， P<0.01） and predict mobile game addiction positively （β=0.281， t=7.084， P<0.01）. Meantime， self-control could predict mobile game addiction negatively （β=-0.480， t=-7.238， P<0.01）. With self-control as a mediator variable， academic stress still significantly predicted the mobile game addiction （β=0.182， t=4.492， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe academic pressure， self-control and mobile game addiction of middle school students are all at the lower middle level， moreover， self-control has a partial mediating effect between academic pressure and mobile game addiction.

Autorregulación y autocompasión en conductas promotoras de salud y de riesgo en estudiantes universitarios

RESUMEN La Autorregulación (AR) y la Autocompasión (AC) emergen como recursos psicológicos efectivos para la promoción de salud. Objetivo: Describir conductas promotoras de salud y conductas de riesgo de universitarios en Chile y establecer su asociación con la AR y AC. Material y Método: Estudio de carácter correlacional descriptivo, de corte transversal. Una muestra de estudiantes universitarios chilenos de pregrado (n=544) respondió un cuestionario sobre conductas de salud y de riesgo, y las escalas Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire y Self-Compassion Scale. Resultados: Se observó baja frecuencia de conductas promotoras de salud y presencia de conductas de riesgo como consumo de tabaco (22,6%), de drogas (41,3%) y consumo problemático de alcohol (20,3%). El control de impulsos de la AR se asoció a mayor probabilidad de conducta alimentaria saludable (OR=1,56; IC 95%: 1,12-2,19; p< 0,01) y mejor calidad de sueño (OR=1,7; IC: 1,24-2,38; p<0,01). El mindfulness, componente de la AC, se asoció a menor actividad física regular (OR=0,69; IC:0,49-0,95; p<0,05) y menor consumo de medicamentos sin prescripción (OR=0,54; IC:0,32-0,91; p<0,05), y el autojuicio a mayor consumo de medicamentos sin prescripción (OR=1,83; IC: 1,03-3,28; p< 0,05). Conclusión: El control de impulsos se asocia a la regulación de la alimentación y sueño, ambos dominios alterados en la etapa universitaria; la AC se relaciona con menor probabilidad de consumo de medicamentos sin prescripción. Tanto la AR como la SC emergen como recursos potencialmente útiles hacia la promoción de hábitos saludables y prevención de conductas de riesgo para la salud.

ABSTRACT Self-regulation (SR) and Self-compassion (SC) emerge as effective psychological resources for promoting health. Objective: To describe health-promoting and risk-taking behaviors of university students in Chile and establish their relationship with SR and SC. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive correlational study. A sample of Chilean undergraduate students (n=544) responded to a health questionnaire and the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire and Self-Compassion Scale. Results: Low frequency of health-promoting behaviors and presence of risk-taking behaviors such as tobacco use (22.6%), drug use (41.3%) and problematic alcohol use (20.3%) were observed. SR impulse control was associated with a higher probability of healthy eating behavior (OR=1.56; CI 95%: 1.12-2.19; p <0.01) and better sleep quality (OR=1,7; CI: 1.24-2.38; p <0.01). Mindfulness, a component of SC, was associated with less regular physical activity (OR=0.69; CI: 0.49-0.95; p <0.05) and lower consumption of non-prescription drugs (OR=0.54; CI: 0.32-0.91; p <0.05), and self-judgment was related to a higher consumption of non-prescription drugs (OR=1.83; CI: 1.03-3.28; p <0.05). Conclusion: Impulse control influences both eating and sleep regulation, which are domains that tend to be altered among university students. SC is related to a lower probability of consuming non-prescription drugs. Both SR and SC emerge as potentially useful resources for promoting healthy habits and preventing risk behaviors.

RESUMO A Autorregulação (AR) e a Autocompaixão (AC) surgem como recursos psicológicos eficazes para a promoção da saúde. Objetivo: Descrever os comportamentos promotores da saúde e os comportamentos de risco de estudantes universitários no Chile e estabelecer sua relação com o AR e AC. Materiais e Método: Estudo correlacional descritivo transversal. Uma amostra de estudantes universitários chilenos (n = 544) respondeu a um questionário sobre saúde e aos Self-Regulation Questionnaire e Self-Compassion Scale. Resultados: Observou-se baixa frequência de comportamentos promotores de saúde e presença de comportamentos de risco como o consumo de tabaco (22,6%), uso de drogas (41,3%) e uso problemático de álcool (20,3%). O controle do impulso da AR foi associado a uma maior probabilidade de comportamento alimentar saudável (OR = 1,56; IC 95%: 1,12-2,19; p <0,01) e melhor qualidade do sono (OR = 1,7; IC: 1,24-2,38; p < 0,01). O componente mindfulness da AC foi associado a menor atividade física regular (OR = 0,69; IC: 0,49-0,95; p <0,05) e menor consumo de medicamentos não prescritos (OR = 0,54; IC: 0,32-0,91; p <0,05), e o autojulgamento foi relacionado a um maior consumo de medicamentos não controlados (OR=1,83; IC: 1,03-3,28; p <0,05). Conclusão: O controle dos impulsos influencia a regulação da alimentação e do sono, que são domínios que tendem a ser alterados na fase universitária. A AC está relacionada a uma menor probabilidade de consumir medicamentos sem receita médica. Tanto a AR como a AC surgem como recursos potencialmente úteis para a promoção de hábitos saudáveis e prevenção de comportamentos de risco para a saúde.

Elección de un comportamiento urbano responsable a partir del beneficio, la saliencia del anuncio y la probabilidad de recibir aprobación y reproche / Opting for a Responsible Urban Behavior Based on Benefit, Salience of the Advertisement, and Likelihood of Receiving Social Approval or Criticism

Resumen A través de un estudio correlacional, esta investigación explora la influencia de posibles beneficios sociales y sus variables asociadas en la adopción de Comportamientos Urbanos Responsables (CUR). Teniendo en cuenta la complejidad del problema y el número de variables a explorar, se empleó el modelo de Teoría de Facetas. Además, se diseñó un cuestionario derivado de una "frase mapa" que presenta en forma de viñetas situaciones urbanas hipotéticas que exploran las variables en estudio. Participaron 177 individuos que estimaron la probabilidad de que un individuo involucrado en una viñeta adopte o no un CUR, a partir de variables como la distancia temporal y la magnitud del beneficio, la saliencia del anuncio de este beneficio, y la aprobación social y el reproche. Un análisis de distancias mínimas (SSA) mostró que los participantes reconocen estas variables a la hora de optar por un CUR. La distancia temporal para obtener el beneficio y la magnitud grande del beneficio resultaron estar altamente correlacionadas con la mayor estimación sobre la probabilidad de que un individuo elija un CUR. Se sugiere formular estrategias educativas y políticas públicas que conduzcan al desarrollo de la cooperación, la responsabilidad y la autorregulación, con el fin de contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida urbana y la convivencia en el medio urbano.

Abstract Through a correlational study, this research explores the influence of possible social benefits and associated variables on the adoption of Responsible Urban Behaviors (RUB). Considering the complexity of the problem and the number of variables to be explored, the Facet Theory model was used. Also, a questionnaire was created, which presented hypothetical urban situations in the form of vignettes that explored the variables under study. A total of 177 individuals participated and estimated the likelihood of an individual involved in a vignette adopting or not an RUB, based on variables such as the time and magnitude of the benefit, salience of the advertisement of such benefit, and social approval and criticism. The smallest space analysis showed that participants recognize these variables when it comes to opting for an RUB. The time to obtain the benefit and the magnitude of the benefit turned out to be highly correlated with the highest estimate of the likelihood of an individual choosing an RUB. This research suggests formulating educational strategies and public policies that lead to the development of cooperation, responsibility, and self-regulation, to help improve the quality of urban life and coexistence in the urban environment.

Estructura factorial de la Brief Self-Control Scale en español / Factor structure of the Brief Self-Control Scale in Spanish

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue explorar la estructura factorial de la Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS; Tangney, Baumeister y Boone, 2004) aplicada como autorreporte a una muestra de 151 participantes en Colombia (edad promedio de 8.2 años, 50.33 % niñas y 49.66 % niños) y 115 participantes en Chile (edad promedio de 7.3 años, 53.04 % niñas y 49.95 % niños). La escala también fue respondida a modo de heterorreporte por 80 madres de los participantes colombianos y las 115 madres de los participantes chilenos. El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) arrojó soluciones bifactoriales en todas las muestras y reportó valores de consistencia interna aceptables, aunque la composición de los factores difirió notablemente entre países y entre madres e hijos(as). Los hallazgos se discuten en términos de las diferencias culturales, en la socialización del autocontrol y el desarrollo de la capacidad de autorregulación en los primeros años de la escuela primaria. Se concluye que la medición del autoncontrol en este grupo etáreo mediante la BSCS requiere ajustes.

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the factor structure of the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS; Tangney, Baumeister and Boone, 2004) used as self-report with a sample of 151 participants in Colombia (mean age 8.2 years, 50.33 % girls and 49.66 % boys) and 115 participants in Chile (mean age 7.3 years, 53.04 % girls and 49.95 % boys). The scale was also answered as a hetero-report by 80 mothers of the Colombian participants and the 115 mothers of the Chilean participants. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed bifactor solutions in all samples and reported acceptable internal consistency values, although the composition of the factors differed markedly between countries and between mothers and children. The findings are discussed in terms of cultural differences, in the socialization self-control and development of self-regulation skills in the early elementary school years. According to these findings, the measurement of self-control in this age group using the BSCS requires adjustments.

Función de la impulsividad en el trastorno por consumo de sustancias / Impulsivity`s role in substance use disorder

Resumen La proporción de usuarios de una sustancia de abuso que desarrolla problemas con su consumo (abuso o dependencia) representa solo una parte de esta población. En México, el 63.8 % de la población consume alcohol, y de ellos, el 15 % desarrolla algún trastorno por consumo de alcohol (TCA). Se ha observado una relación causal entre el trastorno por consumo de sustancias (TCS) y la falta de autocontrol. Es decir, satisfacer necesidades de manera impulsiva, v. gr., consumir una droga sin evaluar las consecuencias. La corteza prefrontal (CPF) es el principal sustrato neuroanatómico del autocontrol y característicamente la CPF alcanza la madurez alrededor de los 30 años, sugieriendo que el autocontrol se alcanza despues de esta edad. Se ha propuesto que todos los grupos etarios que no han consolidado el uso del autocontrol son vulnerables al TCS. Similarmente ocurre con aquellos sujetos que por algún trastorno psiquiátrico tienen como característica una limitada función prefrontal. La CPF coordina una red subcortical cuya interacción depende de distintos sistemas de neurotransmisión, entre ellos, endocanabinoides. En este trabajo se revisó la función de la CPF y del sistema de endocanabinoides (sECB) y su relación con la vulnerabilidad a la adicción y otros trastornos psiquiátricos.

Abstract The proportion of users of a substance of abuse who develop problems with its use (abuse or dependence) represents only a part of this population. In Mexico, 63.8% of the population consumes alcohol and only 15% of them develop an alcohol use disorder (AUD). A causal relation has been observed between substance use disorder (SUD) and the lack of self-control. Which means, satisfying needs in an impulsive way, v.gr. using a drug, without considering the consequences. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the main neuroanatomical substrate of self-control and characteristically reaches maturity around the age of 30, suggesting that self-control is reached after this age. We suggest that all age groups that have not consolidated the use of self-control are vulnerable to SUD. The same occurs with those who, due to a psychiatric disorder, have the characteristic of a limited prefrontal function. The PFC coordinates a subcortical network whose interaction depends on different neurotransmission systems among them, the endocannabinoids system (ECBs). In this work we will review the function of the PFC, the ECBs and its relationship with vulnerability to addiction and other psychiatric disorders.

Content Determination of Related Substances in Belinostat by HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish the method for the con tent determination of related substances in belinstat. METHODS ： HPLC method was adopted and the principal component self-control comparison method with correction factor was used to calculate the contents of related substances. The determination was performed on ODS-AM column with 1.02％ potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer （pH value adjusted to 3.5 with phosphoric acid ）-acetonitrile（85∶15，V/V）as mobile phase A ，1.02％ potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer （pH value adjusted to 3.5 with phosphoric acid ）-acetonitrile（30 ∶ 70，V/V）as mobile phase B （gradient elution ），at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 30 ℃，and the detection wavelength was 220 nm. The sample size was 10 μL. RESULTS：The linear ranges of belinstat and impurities A ，D，F，G，H were 0.113-1.693， 0.050-1.496，0.117-1.750，0.098-1.471，0.120-1.799，0.100-1.506 μ g/mL（r≥0.999 7）. The correction factors of the last 5 impurities were 1.0，1.0，1.2，1.5，1.0；the detection limits were 0.250，0.590，0.490，0.600，0.500 ng，respectively. The quantification limits were 0.500，1.170，0.980，1.200，1.000 ng，respectively. The recoveries were 90.18％-111.48％（RSD＝ 1.52％-4.78％，n＝9）. RSDs of stability （100 h）and precision tests were no more than 16％，and the durability was good. Impurities A ，D and H were detected in 3 batches of belinlestat ，the contents were 0.030％-0.038％，0.019％-0.022％ and 0.012％-0.013％，respectively. The contents of other maximum monomer impurities were 0.012％-0.013％ and the total impurities were 0.075％-0.084％. Impurities B ，C，F，G were not detected. CONCLUSIONS ：The method for the content determination of related substances in belinstat has been successfully established ，and the method is accurate and specific.

"Vinte mil pedras no caminho": a representação gráfica de uma carreira de usuário de drogas baseada em sua autobiografia / "Veinte mil piedras en el camino": la representación gráfica de una carrera de usuario de drogas basada en su autobiografía / "Twenty thousand stones along the way": a graphic representation of a drug user career based on his autobiography

O objetivo deste artigo é, com base em uma narrativa autobiográfica que descreve a carreira de usuário de drogas, construir um diagrama que permita visualizar o desenvolvimento da carreira e dividi-la em fases sucessivas quanto ao incremento ou à diminuição do autocontrole sobre o uso de drogas. A construção de um diagrama nos permitiu visualizar os períodos de maior e menor autocontrole sobre o consumo de substâncias e os principais fatores intervenientes. Tal procedimento mostrou-se uma ferramenta capaz de fornecer uma representação sintética e, ao mesmo tempo, diacrônica da carreira de usuário, dividida em fases sucessivas quanto ao incremento ou à diminuição do autocontrole, que constatamos depender da droga consumida e do contexto pessoal e social do usuário. (AU)

El objetivo de este artículo es, a partir de una narrativa autobiográfica que describe la carrera de usuario de drogas, construir un diagrama que permita visualizar el desarrollo de la carrera y dividirla en fases sucesivas en lo que se refiere al aumento o disminución del autocontrol sobre el uso de drogas. La construcción de un diagrama nos permitió visualizar los períodos de mayor y menor autocontrol sobre el consumo de substancias y los principales factores intervinientes. Tal procedimiento se mostró una herramienta capaz de suministrar una representación sintética y, al mismo tiempo, diacrónica de la carrera de usuario, dividida en fases sucesivas con relación al aumento o la disminución del autocontrol, que conforme constatamos depende de la droga consumida y del contexto personal y social del usuario. (AU)

The objective of this article is to construct a diagram based on the autobiographical narrative that describes the trajectory of a drug user, to allow visualizing the development of his career and dividing it into successive phases regarding the increase or decrease of self-control over drug use. The construction of a diagram allowed us to visualize the periods of increased and decreased self-control over substance use and the main factors involved. This procedure proved to be an able tool to provide a synthetic and, at the same time, diachronic representation of the user's career, divided into successive phases regarding the increase or decrease of self-control, which we found to be dependent on the drug consumed and the personal and social context of the user. (AU)

Controle de si e cuidado de si: uma reflexão sobre a ciência da nutrição / Self control and self care: a reflection on nutrition science

Introdução: a Ciência da Nutrição funda-se sob o paradigma médico cartesiano, baseado na visão biologicista, intervencionista e centrada no especialista. O nutricionista, em sua prática clínica atua de modo prescritivo, punitivo e, configura-se como maneiras de controlar o paciente. Percebe-se atualmente, outras formas de abordar o paciente, da relação entre especialistas e leigos e de praticar a Nutrição Clínica que interessam a esse estudo. Objetivo: esse artigo promoveu uma reflexão crítica de práticas atuais na nutrição clínica. Método: estudo conceitual realizado a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica com autores das áreas da Nutrição e Ciências Humanas e Sociais, com foco na teoria de Michel Foucault, em especial, nos seus conceitos de controle de si e cuidado de si. Resultados: os autores mobilizados alertam para uma crise nas abordagens prescritivas, intensificando a falta de adesão dos interagentes e resultados ineficazes. Entretanto, a atuação do Nutricionista tende a ter maior relevância, visto que as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis ligadas à alimentação aumentam vertiginosamente. Nesse cenário, há diversos fatores que contribuem para a manutenção dessa crise como: a mídia, a cultura da dieta, o sistema agroalimentar e as políticas que atuam como mecanismos de poder e controle. Conclusão: Existem modelos alternativos ao paradigma hegemônico que estabelecem uma relação baseada no cuidado e se fundamentam em princípios como: autonomia, respeito às individualidades e subjetividades e ao papel ativo do interagente, ao profissional cabe ser o facilitador do processo. É imprescindível o desenvolvimento de habilidades e competências humanas não contempladas nos cursos de graduação. (AU)

Introduction: Nutrition Science is based on the Cartesian medical paradigm, based on the biologicist, interventionist and specialist-centered vision. The nutritionist, in his clinical practice, acts in a prescriptive, punitive way and is configured as ways to control the patient. Currently, there are other ways of approaching the patient, of the relationship between specialists and lay people and of practicing Clinical Nutrition that are of interest to this study. Objective: this article promoted a critical reflection of current practices in clinical nutrition. Method: conceptual study based on a bibliographic review with authors from the areas of Nutrition and Human and Social Sciences, focusing on Michel Foucault's theory, especially on his concepts of self-control and self-care. Results: the mobilized authors warn of a crisis in prescriptive approaches, intensifying the lack of adherence by interactants and ineffective results. However, the performance of the Nutritionist tends to be more relevant, since chronic non-communicable diseases linked to food increase dramatically. In this scenario, there are several factors that contribute to the maintenance of this crisis, such as: the media, the culture of the diet, the agri-food system and the policies that act as mechanisms of power and control. Conclusion: There are alternative models to the hegemonic paradigm that establish a relationship based on care and are based on principles such as: autonomy, respect for individualities and subjectivities and the active role of the interactant, the professional should be the facilitator of the process. It is essential to develop human skills and competences not covered in undergraduate courses. (AU)

Metacontingências e Autocontrole Ético: Efeito das magnitudes das consequências individuais e culturais / Metacontingencies and Ethical Self-Control: Effect of magnitudes of individual and cultural consequences

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da manipulação das magnitudes das consequências individuais e culturais sobre o padrão de escolhas em situações de autocontrole ético e metacontingências. Seis estudantes universitários foram divididos em duas microculturas, uma com delineamento ABCAC'B'A e outra com um delineamento AC'B'ABCA. Nas condições B e B', a magnitude da consequência individual para respostas impulsivas aumentava enquanto a consequência cultural diminuía. Nas condições C e C', aumentava a magnitude da consequência cultural e diminuía a consequência individual. Os resultados indicaram a seleção de um padrão de escolhas em ambas as microculturas pela consequência cultural, com pouca ou nenhuma influência da manipulação da magnitude das consequências.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the magnitudes of the individual and cultural consequences on the pattern of choices in situations of ethical self-control and metacontingencies. Six college students were divided into two microcultures, one with ABCAC'B'A design and another with an AC'B'ABCA design. In conditions B and B' the magnitude of the individual consequence for impulsive responses increased while the cultural consequence diminished. In conditions C and C' the magnitude of the cultural consequence increased and the individual consequence diminished. The results indicated the selection of a pattern of choices by the groups of both microcultures, according to the cultural consequence, with little or no influence of the manipulation of the magnitude of the consequences.